1973
“In 1973 Karl von Frisch won the Nobel prize for a series of studies done in the 1940's on the navigational ability of the honeybee. He found that they utilized both a sun angle compass and a polarized light system for navigation. Perhaps more amazing was their ability to communicate the vector and distance of a food source to other workers in the hive by means of a "dance" that used both the sun angle and the gravitational vector. While the sun angle and polarized light were quite efficient they would be absent on cloudy days. However, the bees were still able to navigate with the same precision under those conditions. There obviously had to be a back-up system of some kind available to these animals that was totally independent of these two cues.”
Electromagnetism and Life
http://www.ortho.lsuhsc.edu/Faculty/Marino/EL/EL3/Positional.html 1974
“In 1974, the Russian researchers Eskov and Sapozhnikov found that bees generate electromagnetic signals with a modulation frequency between 180 and 250 Hz when they do their communications dances. (It is important to note that our GSM mobile sys-tem is modulated with 217 Hz). Hungry bees react to those frequencies by erect-ing their antennae [8]. Warnke reported that the communication impulses of the antennae when touched by a fellow bee can be measured with an oscillograph [9].”
http://www.hese-project.org/hese-uk/en/papers/bigbeedeath_0407.pdf 1976
Ulrich Warnke publishes a report “Effects of electric charges on honeybees.” It included the finding that “Bees in strong electric field became aggressive, stinging each other to death; communication was disturbed....Bees left the hive if they could.”
http://www.hese-project.org/hese-uk/en/papers/warnke_bee_world_76.pdf 1980
Journal of Experimental Biology 86,1-8 (1980) publishes a report on
“Orientation of Demagnetized Bees” which concludes that
“The orientation of honey bee dances is affected by the earth's magnetic field.”
http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/1/1?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Orientation+of+demagnetized+bees%2C&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT 1982
State University of New York publishes
Electromagnetism and Life
Robert O. Becker and Andrew A. Marino
This provides the theoretical foundations for the interaction between electro-magnetism and life, an interaction which had previously, and, to some extent, still is, presumed not to exist. In it, a chapter is dedicated to the role of EM radiation in the navigation of bees and other creatures. He opens with this summary:
“It is clear that the existence of the biological cycle phenomenon is dependent upon the living subject having precise knowledge of its position on the earth. Since it also appears that the earth's electromagnetic field is the most important single signal for this function, it seems likely that it is similarly involved in the migrational and direction-finding abilities of many animals. This possibility has been confirmed by recent studies.”
Concluding with this warning:
“From all the foregoing reports it is obvious that the present normal earth magnetic field is an important parameter of the environment for living things. Changes in the fields in the past have been shown to exert evolutionary pressure and possibly even to have been associated with biogenesis. All living things are at present intimately tied to various aspects of the earth's field, and it seems quite possible that even more dramatic findings will be reported in the future. It must be kept in mind that the relationship is a subtle one, in contrast to the more obvious parameters of the environment. Since the present relationship between living things and the electromagnetic environment is the result of several billions of years of development, the question of the biological effects of abnormal electromagnetic parameters introduced into the environment by
|
